Thermal Data Collection in and around Japan

  1. Heat Flow Database
    1. Terrestrial Heat Flow
    2. Measurement of Heat Flow
    3. Heat Flow Database
    4. Data Format
    5. Image Files
  2. Geothermal Gradient Database
    1. Geothermal Gradient
    2. Data Format
    3. Image File
  3. Thermal Conductivity Database
    1. Thermal Conductivity
    2. Data Format
    3. Image File

This database contains digital files of heat flow, geothermal gradient, and thermal conductivity data in the Japanese Islands and their adjacent area.

Files are stored in html, ASCII, jpg, pdf, and kmz formats.

Database Contents

Three kinds of databases, Heat Flow, Geothermal Gradient, and Thermal Conductivity, are recorded on this database.

Each database includes the data and figures. All figures are shown in a transverse Mercator projection centred at the center of each area.

Some older data are referenced to the local geodetic reference system, Tokyo Datum, whereas newer data are referenced to the Japanese geodetic Datum 2000 (JGD2000). The change of the geodetic reference system of Japan from the Tokyo Datum to JGD2000 in 2002 caused a shift of about 400-450 m. Note that the data may contain conversion and/or round-off errors.

In 2004, Geological Survey of Japan published a digital geoscience map entitled:
Tanaka, A., Yamano, M., Yano, Y., and Sasada, M., 2004, Geothermal Gradient and Heat Flow Data in and around Japan, Digital Geoscience Map DGM P-5.
These data were updated and some terms were modified.

This database, current as of January 2019, will be updated at GSJ Database Collection.

Suggested Citation Format

Tanaka, A., Hamamoto, H., Yamano, M. and Goto S., 2019, Thermal Data Collection in and around Japan, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST.

A suggested citation for each database:

Hamamoto, H. and Yamano, M., 2019, Heat Flow Database in and around Japan, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST.
Tanaka, A., 2019, Geothermal Gradient Database in and around Japan, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST.
Tanaka, A. and Goto S., 2019, Thermal Conductivity Database in and around Japan, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST.

For further information, contact: Geological Survey of Japan, AIST

Authors and Contributors

Heat Flow Database Hideki Hamamoto（Center for Environmental Science in Saitama）
Makoto Yamano (Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo）
Geothermal Gradient Database Akiko Tanaka (Research Institute of Earthquake and Volcano Geology)
Thermal Conductivity Database Akiko Tanaka (Research Institute of Earthquake and Volcano Geology)
Shusaku Goto (Research Institute for Geo-Resources and Environment)
Editor Akiko Tanaka (Research Institute of Earthquake and Volcano Geology)
Megumi Shimizu（Geoinformation Service Center）

1. Heat Flow Database

1.1 Terrestrial Heat Flow

Terrestrial heat flow (usually termed "heat flow") is the amount of conductive heat loss through the earth's surface per unit time and per unit area. The SI unit for heat flow is W/m2, but mW/m2 (10-3W/m2) is commonly used since typical heat flow values are less than 0.1 W/m2.

Heat flow data is key information for estimation of the subsurface temperature structure. If the heat transfer is vertical and in steady state, the underground temperature distribution can be easily calculated from the heat flow at the surface assuming appropriate thermal conductivity and radioactive heat production distributions. Even in more complicated cases where we need to consider time-dependent components, two- or three-dimensional heat flux, advective heat transfer by fluid flow and so forth, the surface heat flow data provide an important boundary condition for thermal structure modeling.

This database contains a compilation of heat flow data in the northwestern Pacific area (from 0 to 60°N and from 120 to 160°E). The sources of the data are given in the reference list.

  1. Uyeda, S., Horai, K., Yasui, M. and Akamatsu, H., 1962, Heat-flow measurements over the Japan Trench. J. Geophys. Res., 67, 1186-1188.
  2. Yasui, M., Horai, K., Uyeda, S. and Akamatsu, H., 1963, Heat flow measurement in the western Pacific during the JEDS-5 and other cruises in 1962 aboard M/S Ryofu Maru. Oceanog. Mag., 14, 147-156.
  3. Horai, K., 1964, Studies of the thermal state of the earth, The 13th paper: Terrestrial heat flow in Japan. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 42, 93-132.
  4. Uyeda, S., Yasui, M., Sato, T., Akamatsu, H. and Kawada, K., 1964, Heat flow measurements during the JEDS-6 and JEDS-7 cruises in 1963. Oceanog. Mag., 16, 7-10.
  5. Yasui, M. and Watanabe, T., 1965, Terrestrial heat flow in the Japan Sea, 1. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 43, 549-563.
  6. Vacquier, V., Uyeda, S., Yasui, M., Sclater, J., Corry, C. and Watanabe, T., 1966, Heat flow measurements in the northwestern Pacific. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 44, 1519-1535.
  7. Yasui, M., Kishii, T., Watanabe, T. and Uyeda, S., 1966, Studies of the thermal states of the earth, The 18th paper: Terrestrial heat flow in the Japan Sea (2). Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 44, 1501-1518.
  8. Polyak, B. G., 1966, Geothermal features in the present volcanological phenomena (A case study of Kamchatka), Moscow, Nauka Press, 180 pp. (in Russian).
  9. Yasui, M., Kishii, T. and Sudo, K., 1967, Terrestrial heat flow in Okhotsk Sea (1). Oceanog. Mag., 19, 147-156.
  10. Yasui, M., Nagasaka, K., Kishii, T. and Halunen, A. J., 1968, Terrestrial heat flow in the Okhotsk Sea (2). Oceanog. Mag., 20, 73-86.
  11. Yasui, M., Kishii, T., Watanabe, T. and Uyeda, S., 1968, Heat flow in the Japan Sea, in "The Crust and Upper Mantle of the Pacific Area", Amer. Geophys. Union Monogr. No.12, L. Knopoff et al. (eds.), 3-16, Amer. Geophys. Union.
  12. Simmons, G. and Horai, K., 1968, Heat flow data 2. J. Geophys. Res., 73, 6608-6629.
  13. Lubimova, E. A., 1968, Thermal Conditions of the Earth and Moon, Nauka Press, Moscow (in Russian).
  14. Mizutani, H., Baba, K., Kobayashi, N., Chang, C. C., Lee, C. H. and Kang, Y. S., 1970, Heat flow in Korea. Tectonophysics, 10, 183-203.
  15. Yasui, M., Epp, D., Nagasaka, K. and Kishii, T., 1970, Terrestrial heat flow in the seas around the Nansei Shoto (Ryukyu Islands). Tectonophysics, 10, 225-234.
  16. Watanabe, T., Epp, D., Uyeda, S., Langseth, M. and Yasui, M., 1970, Heat flow in the Philippine Sea. Tectonophysics, 10, 205-224.
  17. Nagasaka, K. ,Francheteau, J. and Kishii, T., 1970, Terrestrial heat flow in the Celebes and Sulu seas. Marine Geophys. Res., 1, 99-103.
  18. Sass, J. H. and Munroe, R. J. 1970, Heat flow from deep boreholes on two island arcs. J. Geophys. Res., 75, 4387-4395.
  19. Kono, Y. and Kobayashi, Y., 1971, Terrestrial heat flow in Hokuriku district, central Japan. Sci. Rep. Kanazawa Univ., 16, 61-72.
  20. Ehara, S. and Yokoyama, I., 1971, Measurements of terrestrial heat flow in Hokkaido (Part 2), Geophys. Bull. Hokkaido Univ., 26, 67-84 (in Japanese with English abstract).
  21. Langseth, M. G., Malone, I. and Berger, D., 1971, Sea Floor Geothermal Measurements from Vema Cruise 24, Columbia Univ. Tech. Rep., 3-CU-3-71, (NTIS AD 729682), 452 pp.
  22. Udintsev, G. B., Smirnov, Ya. B., Popova, A. K., Shekvatov,B. V. and Suvilov, E. V., 1971, New data on heat flow through the floors of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR., 200, 453-456 (in Russian).
  23. Lubimova, E. A., Gorskov, A. P., Vlasenko, V. I., Efimov, A. V. and Aleksandorof, A. A., 1972, Measurements of heat flow in Kurile Islands, Kamchatka and Kurile Basin. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. SSSR, 207, 842-845 (in Russian).
  24. Nakajin, T. and Anma, M., 1972, Heat flow measurements in the Suruga Bay, in "Izu Peninsula", Hoshino and Aoki (eds.), 287-300, Tokai Univ. Press (in Japanese).
  25. Watanabe, T., 1972, On heat flow in the Sagami Bay and heat flow distribution around the Izu Peninsula, in "Izu Peninsula", Hoshino and Aoki (eds.), 277-286, Tokai Univ. Press (in Japanese).
  26. Duchkov, A. D., 1972, Heat Flow for the Altai-Sayan Region, Nauka, Novosibirsk.
  27. Sclater, J. G., Ritter, U. G. and Dixon, F. S., 1972, Heat flow in the southwestern Pacific. J. Geophys. Res., 77, 5697-5704.
  28. Kuzmin, V. A., Suzymov, A. E., Bezlyudov, A. V., 1972, Gethermal investigations on the Manihiki Plateau and Marcus-Necker Ridge (Pacific Ocean). Oceanology, 12, 1044-1046 (in Russian).
  29. Uyeda, S., Watanabe, T., Mizushima, N., Yasui, M. and Horie, S., 1973, Terrestrial heat flow in Lake Biwa, central Japan. Proc. Japan Acad., 49, 341-346.
  30. Halunen, A. J. And Von Herzen, R. P., 1973, Heat Flow in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 78, 5195-5208.
  31. Lubimova, E. A., Polyak, B. G., Smirnov, Ya. B., Kutas, R. I., Firsov, F. V., Sergienko, S. I. and Liusova, L. N., 1973, Heat Flow on the USSR Territory, Catalogue of Data. Geophys. Committee Acad. Sci. USSR.
  32. Veselov, O. V., Volkova, N. A., Yeremin, G. D., Kozlov, N. A. and Soinov, V. V., 1974, Heat flow measurements in the transitional zone from the Asiatic Continent to the Pacific Ocean. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 217, 897-900 (in Russian).
  33. Veselov, O. V., Volkova, N. A., Yeremin, G. D., Kozlov, N. A. and Soinov, V. V., 1974, Study of heat flow North-western Pacific area. Geothermal geology; Proceedings of geothermal research in SSSR, Vol.1, No.2, Moscow: GIN Soviet Academy of Science, 87-90 (in Russian).
  34. Savostin, L. A., Bersenev, A. F., Udintsev, G. B., 1974, New geothermal data through seafloor of the Okhotsk Sea, Far-East Science Center, Soviet Academy of Science, Vol. 215, No. 4, 846-849 (in Russian).
  35. Smirnov, Ya. B., Sugrobov, V. M., Sugrobova, N. G., 1974, Heat flow, hydrothermal activity and evolutionary dynamics of Cenozoic volcanic zones in deep sea, Earth dynamics, magma generation and volcanic phenomena, Petropablobsk - Kamchatskiy, pp. 175-196 (in Russian).
  36. Veselov, O. V., Yeremin, G. D. and Soinov, V. V., 1975, Heat flow determination during the second complex oceanic expedition of the Sakhalin Complex Scientific Research Institute, in "Geophysical Researches of the Crust and Upper Mantle Structure in the Transition Zone from Asian Continent to the Pacific Ocean, 30", I. K. Tuezov et al. (eds.), 298-300, Akad. Nauk SSSR (in Russian).
  37. Veselov, O. V., Volkova, N. A. and Soinov, V. V., 1975, Geothermal researches in the deep part of the East China Sea, in "Geophysical Researches of the Crust and Upper mantle Structure in the Transition Zone from Asian Continent to the Pacific Ocean, 30", I. K. Tuezov et al. (eds.), 300-302, Akad. Nauk SSSR (in Russian).
  38. Soinov, V. V. and Veselov, O. V., 1975, Heat flow data on the Okhotsk Sea. Trans. Sakhalin Complex Sci. Res. Inst., 37, 243-246 (in Russian).
  39. Watanabe, T., Von Herzen, R. P. and Erickson, A., 1975, Geothermal studies Leg 31, Deep Sea Drilling Project, in "Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Driling Project, 31", 573-576, U. S. Government Printing Office.
  40. Anderson, R. N., 1975, Heat flow in the Mariana Marginal Basin. J. Geophys. Res., 80, 4043-4048.
  41. Sclater, J. G., Karig, D., Lawver, L. A. and Louden, K., 1976, Heat flow, depth, and crustal thickness of the marginal basins of the south Philippine Sea. J. Geophys. Res., 81, 309-318.
  42. Savostin, L. A., Salman, A. G., Shimelyov, G. I. and Kogan, K. V., 1976, Proceedings by geothermal group, The cruise report of R/V Mendeleev Cruise 17-A (Oct.7 - Nov. 6, 1976), Moscow: IO Soviet Academy of Science, 124-137 (in Russian).
  43. Langseth, M. G. and Mrozowski, C. L., 1978, Geophysical surveys for Leg 59 sites, Deep Sea Drilling Project, in "Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Driling Project, 59", 487-502, U. S. Government Printing Office.
  44. Anderson, R. N., Langseth, M. G., Hayes, D. E., Watanabe, T. and Yasui, M., 1978, Heat flow, thermal conductivity, thermal gradient, in "Geophysical Atlas of the East and Southeast Asian Seas", D. E. Hayes (ed.), Map and Chart Ser., vol. MC-25, Geol. Soc. Amer.
  45. Herman, B. M. anderson, R. G. and Truchan, M., 1978, Extensional tectonics in the Okinawa Trough, in "Geological and Geophysical Investigations of Continental Margins", Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol. Memoir 29, J. S. Watkis (eds.), 199-208, Amer. Assoc. Petr. Geol.
  46. Savostin, L. A., Baranov, B. V. and Zonenshain, L. P., 1978, Characteristics of sea mounts in the Kuril deep-sea basin of the Okhotsk Sea. Proc. Soviet Academy of Science, Vol. 242, No. 3, 676-679 (in Russian).
  47. Ehara, S., 1979, Heat flow in the Hokkaido-Okhotsk region and its tectonic implications. J. Phys. Earth, 27, Suppl., S125-S139.
  48. Nagasawa, K. and Komatsu, K., 1979, Thermal structure under the ground in Osaka plain, Southwest Japan. J. Geosci., Osaka City Univ., 22, 151-166.
  49. Honda, S., Matsubara, Y., Watanabe, T., Uyeda, S., Shimazaki, K., Nomura, K. and Fujii, N., 1979, Compilation of eleven new heat flow measurements on Japanese Islands. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 54, 45-73.
  50. Matsubayashi, O., Kinoshita, H., Matsubara, Y. and Matsuda, J., 1979, Preliminary report on heat flow in the central part of Kagoshima Bay, Kyushu, Japan. Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan, 30, 45-49.
  51. Matsubara, Y. and Fujii, N., 1979, Heat flow in Omae-zaki, Shizuoka Prefecture, central Japan. J. Seismol. Soc. Japan, 32, 360-362 (in Japanese).
  52. Veselov, O. V. and Soinov, V. V., 1979, Geoynimacal of the role of geothermal zones at Pacific marginal areas: Heat flow distribution in the Okhotsk Sea region (Methodology, instruments, and results). Moscow, Soviet Science and Technology Information Center, B85897, p134 (in Russian).
  53. Smirnov, Ya. B. and Sugrobov, V. M., 1979, Heat flow in the Kuril-Kamchatska and Aleutian regions 1. Heat flow and geologic structure. Volcanology and Seismology, No. 1, 59-73 (in Russian).
  54. Soinov, V. V. and Veselov, O. V., 1979, High heat flow anomaly near the eastern coast of Sakhalin, Collected reprints: Geophysical fieldwork in the island arcs of easten Asia, Vladivostok: Far-East Science Center, Soviet Academy of Science, 75-80 (in Russian).
  55. Han, U., 1979, Heat flow in south Korea. M.S. Thesis, University of Utah.
  56. Ehara, S., Yuhara, K. and Shigematsu, A., 1980, Heat flow measurements in the submarine calderas, southern Kyushu, Japan -preliminary report. Bull. Volcanol. Soc. Japan, 25, 51-61 (in Japanese with English abstract).
  57. Shevaldin, Yu. V., Balabashin, V. I., Safronov, O. B. and Zimin, P. S., 1980, New geothermal data in Japan Sea. in "Geophysics on the Seafloor of Japan Sea", Vladivostok, Far-East Science Center, Soviet Academy of Science, 68-84 (in Russian).
  58. Smirnov, Ya. B. and Sugrobov, V. M., 1980, Heat flow in the Kuril-Kamchatska and Aleutian regions 2. Map of measured and background heat flow, Volcanology and Seismology, No. 1, 16-31 (in Russian).
  59. Burch, T. K. and Langseth, M. G., 1981, Heat-flow determination in three DSDP boreholes near the Japan Trench. J. Geophys. Res., 86, 9411-9419.
  60. Matsubara, Y., 1981, Heat flow measurements in the Bonin Arc area, in "Geological Investigation of the Ogasawara (Bonin) and Northern Mariana Arcs", Cruise Rep. No. 14, E. Honza et al. (eds.), 130-136, Geol. Surv. Japan.
  61. Yamano, M., Fujisawa, H. and Kinoshita, H., 1981, Heat flow measurement, in "Preliminary Report of the Hakuho Maru Cruise KH 80-3", K. Kobayashi (ed.), 166-168, Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. Tokyo.
  62. Uyeda, S. and Horai, H., 1981, Heat flow measurements on Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 60, in "Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 60", 789-800, U. S. Government Printing Office.
  63. Lu, R. S, Pan, J. J. and Lee, T. C., 1981, Heat flow in the southwestern Okinawa Trough. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett., 55, 299-310.
  64. Nakamura, Y. and Wakita, H., 1982, Terrestrial heat flow around the aseismic front of the Japanese Island Arc. Tectonophysics, 81, T25-T36.
  65. Khutorskoy, M. D., 1982, Heat flow in the areas of pecularities of geological structure, Moscow, Nauk, 77 (in Russian).
  66. Veselov, O. V. and Lipina, E. N., 1982, Catalog Data: Heat Flow of the Eastern Asia, Australia, Western Pacific, Academy of Science, USSR, Vladivostok (in Russian).
  67. Leg 87 Scientific Party, 1983., Leg 87 drills off Honshu & SW Japan. Geotimes, 28 (1), 15-18.
  68. Smirnov, Ya. B., Sugrobov, V. M. and Muraviev, A. V., 1983, The Bering Sea, in "Methods and experimental geothermics", Moscow, Nauk,165-168 (in Russian).
  69. Hobart, M.A. anderson, R.N., Fujii, N. and Uyeda, S, 1983, Heat flow from hydrothermal mounds in two million year old crust of the Mariana Trough which exceeds two watts per meter. Eos, Trans. AGU, 64, 315 (abstract).
  70. Yamano, M., Honda, S. and Uyeda, S., 1984, Nankai Trough: a hot trench ?. Marine Geophys. Res., 6, 187-203.
  71. Ehara, S., 1984, Terrestrial heat flow determinations in central Kyushu, Japan. Bull. Volcanol. Soc. Japan, 29, 75-94 (in Japanese with English abstract).
  72. Soinov, V. V., Soloviev, V. I., Vlasenko, V. I. and Salman, A. G., 1984, Heat flow through seafloor of the Deryugin Basin, Sea of Okhotsk, in "Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Geothermomentry of Seas and Oceans", 63-66, Moscow, Nauka, (in Russian).
  73. Smirnov, Ya. B. and Sugrobov, V. M., 1984, Heat flow, In "Structure of Seafloor of the NW Pacific", Moscow, Nauk, 50-54 (in Russian).
  74. Shevaldin, Yu. V. and Balbashin, V. I., 1984, Geothermal investigations in the Sea of Japan, in "Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Geothermometry of Seas and Oceans", Moscow, Nauka, 66-74, (in Russian).
  75. Fujiwara, N., 1985, Terrestrial heat flow measurements and data analysis in Suruga Bay and adjacent area, D.Sc. Thesis, Tokai Univeristy.
  76. Horai, K. and Von Herzen, R. P., 1985, Measurements of heat flow on Leg 86 of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, in "Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 86", 909-929, U. S. Government Printing Office.
  77. Yamano, M., 1985, Heat flow measurements, in "Preliminary Report of the Hakuho Maru Cruise KH 84-1", K. Kobayashi (ed.), 265-271, Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. Tokyo.
  78. Ehara, S. and Sakamoto, M., 1985, Terrestrial heat flow determinations in southern Kyushu, Japan. Bull. Volcanol. Soc. Japan, 30, 253-271 (in Japanese with English abstract).
  79. Yamano, M., Uyeda, S., Kinoshita, H. and Hilde, T. W. C., 1986, Report on DELP 1984 cruises in the middle Okinawa Trough. part IV: heat flow measurements, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 61, 251-267.
  80. Yamano, M., Uyeda, S., Furukawa, Y. and Dehghani, G. A., 1986, Heat flow measurements in the northern and middle Ryukyu Arc area on R/V Sonne in 1984, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 61, 311-327.
  81. Nishimura, S., Mogi, T. and Katsura, K., 1986, Thermal gradients of deep wells and their terrestrial heat flows in central and southwest Japan. J. Geotherm. Res. Soc. Japan, 8, 347-360 (in Japanese with English abstract).
  82. Saki, T., Kaneda, Y. and Aoyagi, K., 1986, Measurement of heat flow in the continental shelf of the Japan Sea, in "Heat Flow, Combined Proceedings of the Joint ASCOPE/CCOP Workshops I and II". CCOP Tech. Pub. 15, 123-128.
  83. Yamano, M., 1986, Heat flow studies of the Circum-Pacific subduction zones, D.Sc. Thesis, University of Tokyo.
  84. Terrestrial heat flow map of southeast Asia. ASCOPE technical paper TP/6, published by ASCOPE Secretariat. Jakarta, Indonesia, June 1986.
  85. Thamrin, M., 1986, Terrestrial heat flow map of Indonesian basins. Indonesian Petroleum Association. Aug. 33-70. (See also: Thamrin et al., 1980 Heat flow in the Tertiary basin north Sumatra, Indonesia Country Report, Submitted by the Indonesian to the 17th session of CCOP). (See also: Thamrin et al., Heat flow in the Tertiary basin of south Sumatra, Indonesia S.india heat flow studies (21). Document CCOP XVI/76 submitted by the delegation of Indonesia).
  86. Lee, C.R. and Cheng, W.T., 1986, Preliminary heat flow measurements in Taiwan, paper presented at Fourth Circum-Pacific Energy and Mineral Resources Conference, Singapore.
  87. Sekiguchi, K., 1986, A method for determining terrestrial heat flow by using bore-hole data in the oil/gas basinal areas, in "Contributions to Petroleum Geoscience Dedicated to Professor Kazuo Taguchi on the Occasion of His Retirement", Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, 199-208 (in Japanese with English abstract).
  88. Nagao, T., 1987, Heat flow measurements in the Tohoku-Hokkaido regions by some new techniques and their geotectonic interpretation, D.Sc. Thesis, University of Tokyo.
  89. Yamano, M., Uyeda, S., Uyeshima, M., Kinoshita, M., Nagihara, S., Boh, R. and Fujisawa, H., 1987, Report on DELP 1985 cruises in the Japan Sea, Part V: Heat flow measurements, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 62, 417-432.
  90. Nagihara, S., 1987, Heat flow and tectonics of the northwestern Pacific subduction zones -concerning the Yap Trench convergence-, M.Sc. Thesis, Chiba University.
  91. Kinoshita, M., 1987, Heat flow measurements in some western Pacific trench-arc-backarc systems and their interpretation, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Tokyo.
  92. Hydrographic Department of Maritime Safety Agency, 1987, Data report of hydrographic observation, Series of continental shelf survey, no. 3.
  93. Shevaldin, Yu. V., Balabashin, V. I. and Zimin, P., 1987, New data on geothermics of the Tatar Strait. Tikhookeanskaya Geologiya (Pacific Geology), 3, 61-64 (in Russian).
  94. Wang, A., et al., 1987, Geothermal Observation in East Liaoning and Haicheng Seismic area. Acta Seismologica Sinica, vol. 9, 392-405 (in Chinese with English abstract).
  95. Cessaro, R. K. and Harris, D., 1987, Temperature and tilt variation measured for 64 days in Hole 581C, in "Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 88", 161-165, U. S. Government Printing Office.
  96. Muraviev, A. V., Smirnov, Ya. B. and Sugrobov, V. M., 1988, Heat flow measurements along the Philippine Sea Geotraverse 18degN. Dokl. AN SSSR, 229, 189-193 (in Russian).
  97. Shevaldin, Yu. V., Balabashin, V. I., et al., 1988, Some results of new geothermal technique test, in "Geothermal Investigation", Moscow, Nauka, 107-109 (in Russian).
  98. Yamano, M., Uyeda, S., Foucher, J.-P. and Sibuet, J.-C., 1989, Heat flow anomaly in the middle Okinawa Trough. Tectonophysics, 159, 307-318.
  99. Li, X., Furukawa, Y., Nagao, T., Uyeda, S. and Suzuki, H., 1989, Heat flow in central Japan and its relations to geological and geophysical features. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 64, 1-36.
  100. Nagihara, S., Kinoshita, M., Fujimoto, H., Katao, H., Kinoshita, H. and Tomoda, Y., 1989, Geophysical observations around the northern Yap Trench: seismicity, gravity and heat flow. Tectonophysics, 163, 93-104.
  101. Kinoshita, M., 1990, Heat flow anomaly in some western Pacific trench-arc-backarc systems associated with interstitial water circulation, D.Sc. Thesis, University of Tokyo.
  102. Nagao, T. and Uyeda, S., 1989, Heat flow measurements in the northern part of Honshu, Northeast Japan, using shallow holes. Tectonophysics, 164, 301-314.
  103. Ehara, S., Jin, K. and Yuhara, K., 1989, Determination of heat flow values in the two granitic rock regions of Japan - Houfu area in Yamaguchi Prefecture and Kunisaki area in Oita Prefecture, Southwest Japan -. J. Geotherm. Res. Soc. Japan, 11, 269-283 (in Japanese with English abstract).
  104. Kinoshita, H., Kasumi, Y. and Baba, H., 1989, Report on DELP 1987 cruises in the Ogasawara area. Part VI: Heat flow measurements. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 64, 223-232.
  105. Kinoshita, M., Yamano, M., Post, J. and Halbach, P., 1990, Heat flow measurements in the southern and middle Okinawa Trough on R/V Sonne in 1988. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 65, 571-588.
  106. Nishimura, S., 1990, Thermal gradients of deep wells and their terrestrial heat flows (2). J. Geotherm. Res. Soc. Japan, 12, 283-293 (in Japanese with English abstract).
  107. Fryer, P., Pearce, J. A., Stokking, L. B., et al., 1990, Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 125, Ocean Drilling Program.
  108. Taylor, B., Fujioka, K., et al., 1990, Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 126, Ocean Drilling Program.
  109. Wang, J.-Y. and Huang, S.-P., 1990, Compilation of heat flow data in China continental area (2nd edition). Seismology and Geology, 12, 351-366 (in Chinese with English abstract).
  110. Kinoshita, M., Yamano, M. and Makita, S., 1991, High heat flow anomaly around Hatsushima biological community in the western Sagami Bay. Japan. J. Phys. Earth., 39, 553-571.
  111. Kinoshita, M., Yamano, M., Kasumi, Y. and Baba, H., 1991, Report on DELP 1988 cruises in the Okinawa Trough. Part 8: Heat flow measurements. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 66, 211-228.
  112. Stein, C. A. and Abbott, D. H., 1991, Heat flow constraints on the South Pacific superswell. J. Geophys. Res., 96, 16083-16099.
  113. Smirnov, Ya.B., Sugrobov, V.M. and Yanovsky, F.A., 1991, Terrestrial heat flow in Kamchatkatka. J. Volcanol. Seismol., 2, 41-65 (in Russian).
  114. Yamazaki, T. 1992, Heat flow in the Izu-Ogasawara (Bonin)-Mariana Arc. Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan, 43, 207-235.
  115. Langseth, M. G. and Tamaki, K., 1992, Geothermal measurements: Thermal evolution of the Japan Sea basins and sediments, Proc. ODP, Sci. Results, 127/128, Pt. 2, 1297-1309, Ocean Drilling Program.
  116. Makita, S., 1992, Heat flow measurements around the Japanese Islands: Interpretation with reference to the tectonics in the Okinawa Trough, M.Sc. Thesis, Chiba University (in Japanese).
  117. Yamano, M., Foucher, J.-P., Kinoshita, M., Fisher, A., Hyndman, R.D. and ODP Leg 131 Shipboard Scientific Party, 1992, Heat flow and fluid flow regime in the western Nankai accretionary prism. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett., 109, 451-462.
  118. Kido, M., Kinoshita, H. and Seno, T., 1993, Heat Flow Measurements in the Ayu Trough, in "Preliminary Report of the Hakuho-Maru Cruise KH 92-1", 99-105, Ocean Res. Inst., Univ. Tokyo.
  119. Soinov, V. et al., 1993, The geothermal survey results, in "An Oceanographic study of the East Sea (the Sea of Japan) - Korea and Russia Cooperative Research", B. C. Suk (ed.), 228-234, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute.
  120. Omura, K., Ikeda, R., Horai, K. and Kobayashi, Y., 1994, Terrestrial heat flow in an active seismic region: a precise measurement in the Ashio 2km deep borehole, Programme and abstracts, Seismol. Soc. Japan, 1994, No.2, 147 (in Japanese).
  121. Horai, K., Sasaki, Y. and Kobayashi, Y., 1994, A relationship between cutoff depth of seismicity and heat flow in the Central Japan, Abstracts, 1994 Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting, 273 (in Japanese).
  122. Joshima, M., 1994, Heat flow measurements in the Eastern Japan Sea during GH93 cruise, Abstracts, 1994 Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting, 282 (in Japanese).
  123. Kinoshita, M. and Yamano, M., 1995, Heat flow distribution in the Nankai Trough rigion, in "Geology and Geophysics of the Philippine Sea", Terrapub, Tokyo, pp. 77-86.
  124. Omura, K., Horai, K., Kobayashi, Y. and Ikeda, R., 1995, A relationship between the cutoff depth of seismicity and the thermal structure in the crust - measurement of terrestrial heat flow in Neo, Gifu Prefecture -, Abstracts, 1995 Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting, 292 (in Japanese).
  125. Wide area deep observation group of NIED, 1995, Basal structures of the southern Kanto district - Results of drilling and logging of the Chiba, Yokohama, Edosaki, Ichihara and Atsugi observation wells -, Abstracts, 1995 Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting, 59 (in Japanese).
  126. Joshima, M., 1996, Heat flow measurements off Shakotan Peninsula during the R/V Hakurei-maru GH95 cruise, Abstracts, 1996 Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting, 662 (in Japanese).
  127. Hayashi, T., 1997, Thermal Structure and Tectonic History of the Derugin Basin, Sea of Okhotsk, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Tokyo (in Japanese with English abstract).
  128. Kinoshita, M. and Yamano, M., 1997, Hydrothermal regime and constraints on reservoir depth of the Jade site in the Mid-Okinawa Trough inferred from heat flow measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3183-3194.
  129. Geological Survey of Japan, 1997, Heat Flow Map of East and Southeast Asia, Miscellaneous map Series 36, Geol. Surv. Japan.
  130. Soinov, V.V., Veselov, O.V., Kochergin, A.V., Sok, B.-C., Kulinich, R.G. and Balabashin, V.I., 1997, Heat flow of the northwest Pacific, in "Geophysical Fields and Simulation of Tectonosphere" (Geodynamics of Tectonosphere of the Pacific-Eurasia Conjunction Zone. Vol. III), Inst. Marine Geol. Geophys., Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 14-21 (in Russian).
  131. Kitajima, T, Kobayashi, Y., Suzuki, H., Ikeda, R., Omura, K., Kasahara, K. and Okada, Y., 1997, Thermal structure and earthquakes beneath the Kanto district, Abstracts, 1997 Japan Earth and Planetary Science Joint Meeting, 247 (in Japanese).
  132. Furukawa, Y., Shinjoe, H. and Nishimura, S., 1998, Heat flow in the southwest Japan arc and its implication for thermal processes under arcs. Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1087-1090.
  133. Yamano, M. and Kinoshita, M., 1998, Thermal structure of the Shikoku Basin and southwest Japan subduction zone. Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., Univ. Tokyo, 73, 105-123.
  134. Yamano, M. and Goto, S., 1999, High heat flow anomalies on the seaward slope of the Japan Trench, Eos, Trans. AGU, 80, F929 (abstract) (in Japanese).
  135. Joshima, M. and Kuramoto, S., 1999, Heat flow measurements in the off Tokai area, Geological Survey of Japan Cruise report, No.24, 81-86.
  136. Sacks, I.S., Suyehiro, K., Acton, G.D., et al., 2000, Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 186 [CD-ROM]. Available from: Ocean Drilling Program.
  137. Veselov, O.V., 2000, Heat flow structure of the Okhotsk Sea region, in "Structure of the Earth Crust and Oil-and-Gas Presence Prospects in Regions of North-West Pacific Margin - Vol.1", Inst. Marine Geol. Geophys., Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, 107-129 (in Russian).
  138. Moore, G.F., Taira, A., Klaus, A., et al., 2001. Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 190 [CD-ROM]. Available from: Ocean Drilling Program.
  139. Kitajima, T., Kobayashi, Y., Ikeda, R., Iio, Y. and Omura, K., 2001, Terrestrial heat flow at Hirabayashi on Awaji Island, south-west Japan, Island Arc, 10, 318-325.
  140. Tanaka, A. and Ito, H., 2002, Temperature at the base of the seismogenic zone and its relationship to the focal depth of the western Nagao Prefecture area. Zisin (J. Seismol. Soc. Japan), 55, 1-10 (in Japanese with English abstract).
  141. Yamano, M., Kinoshita, M., Goto, S. and Matsubayashi, O., 2003, Extremely high heat flow anomaly in the middle part of the Nankai Trough. Phys. Chem. Earth, 28, 487-497.
  142. Yasui, M. (unpublished data).
  143. Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (unpublished data).
  144. Matsubara, Y. (unpublished data).
  145. Watanabe, T. (unpublished data).
  146. Yamano, M. (unpublished data).
  147. Kinoshita, M. (personal communication).
  148. Kido, M. (personal communication, 1996).
  149. Veselov, O.V. (personal communication, 2003).
  150. Muraviev, A.V., Kalinin, N.D. and Lykov, A.F., Results of the 34th cruise of R/V "Professor Bogorov" in 1990 (personal communication).
  151. Balabashin, V.I. and Koptev, A.A., Results of the 6th cruise of R/V "Academic Lavrentiev" in 1987 (personal communication).
  152. Duchikov, A.D. (personal communication).
  153. Muraviev, A.V. and Matveev, V.G. Results of the 42nd cruise of R/V "Dmitryi Mendeleev" in 1988 (personal communication).
  154. Ginsburg, G.D. and Soloviev, V.A. (personal communication).
  155. Hu, S.-B., He, L.-J. and Wang, J.-Y., 2001, Compilation of heat flow data in the China continental area (3rd edition). Chinese J. Geophys., 44, 604-618, doi:10.1002/cjg2.180..
  156. Hamamoto, H., Yamano, M. and Goto, S., 2005, Heat flow measurement in shallow seas through long-term temperature monitoring. Geophys. Res Let., 32, L21311, doi:10.1029/2005GL024138.
  157. Kim, H. C. and Lee, Y., 2007, Heat flow in the Republic of Korea. J. Geophys. Res., 112, B05413, doi:10.1029/2006JB004266.
  158. Yamano, M., Kinoshita, M, and Goto, S., 2008, High heat flow anomalies on an old oceanic plate observed seaward of the Japan Trench. Int. J. Earth Sci., 97, 345–352, doi:10.1007/s00531-007-0280-1.
  159. Kinoshita, M., Kanamatsu, T., Kawamura, K., Shibata, T., Hamamoto, H. and Fujino, K., 2008, Heat flow distribution on the floor of Nankai Trough off Kumano and implications for the geothermal regime of subducting sediments, JAMSTEC Rep. Res. Dev., 8, 13–28, doi:10.5918/jamstecr.8.13.
  160. Kim, Y-G., Lee, S-M. and Matsubayashi, O., 2010, New heat flow measurements in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea (Sea of Japan): relationship to local BSR depth, and implications for regional heat flow distribution. Geo-Mar. Lett., 30, 595–603, doi:10.1007/s00367-010-0207-x.
  161. Hamamoto, H., Yamano, M., Goto, S., Kinoshita, M., Fujino, K. and Wang, K., 2011, Heat flow distribution and thermal structure of the Nankai subduction zone off the Kii Peninsula. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 12, Q0AD20, doi:10.1029/2011GC003623.
  162. Harris, R. N., Schmidt-Schierhorn, F. and Spinelli, G.A., 2011, Heat flow along the NanTroSEIZE transect: Results from IODP Expeditions 315 and 316 offshore the Kii Peninsula, Japan. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 12, Q0AD16, doi:10.1029/2011gc003593.
  163. Marcaillou, B., Henry, P., Kinoshita, M., Kanamatsu, T., Screaton, E., Daigle, H., Harcouet-Menou, V., Lee, Y., Matsubayashi, O., Kyaw Thu, M., Kodaira, S., Yamano, M. and the IODP Exepdition 333 scientific party, 2012, Seismogenic zone temperatures and heat-flow anomalies in the Tonankai margin segment based on temperature data from IODP expedition 333 and thermal model. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 349–350, 171–185, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.06.048.
  164. Fulton P. M., Brodsky, E. E., Kano, Y., Mori, J., Chester, F., Ishikawa, T., Harris, R. N., Lin, W., Eguchi, N., Toczko, S. and Expedition 343, 343T, and KR13-08 Scientists, 2013, Low coseismic friction on the Tohoku-oki fault determined from temperature measurements. Science, 342, 1214-1217, doi:10.1126/science.1243641.
  165. Yamano, M., Hamamoto, H., Kawada, Y. and Goto, S., 2014, Heat flow anomaly on the seaward side of the Japan Trench associated with deformation of the incoming Pacific plate. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 407, 196-204, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.039.
  166. Yamano, M., Kawada, Y. and Hamamoto, H., 2014, Heat flow survey in the vicinity of the branches of the megasplay fault in the Nankai accretionary prism. Earth Planets Space, 66:126, doi:10.1186/1880-5981-66-126.
  167. Kawada, Y., Toki , T., Kinoshita, M., Joshima, M., Higa R., Kasaya T., Tsunogai, U., Nishimura, K. and Kisimoto, K., 2014, Tracing geologically constrained fluid flow pathways using a combination of heat flow measurements, pore water chemistry, and acoustic imaging near the deformation front of the Nankai Trough off the Muroto Peninsula, Japan. Tectonophysics, 618, 121-137, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2014.01.035.
  168. Tada, R., Murray, R. W., Alvarez Zarikian, C. A. and the Expedition 346 Scientists, 2015, Proc. IODP, 346, College Station, TX (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program), doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.346.2015.
  169. Tamura, Y., Busby, C. J., Blum, P. and the Expedition 350 Scientists, 2015, Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, Expedition 350: Izu-Bonin-Mariana Rear Arc,College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program), doi:10.14379/iodp.proc.350.2015.
  170. Arculus, R. J., Ishizuka, O., Bogus, K. and the Expedition 351 Scientists, 2015, Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, Expedition 351: Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc Origins, College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program), doi:10.14379/iodp.proc.351.2015.
  171. Reagan, M. K., Pearce, J. A., Petronotis, K. and the Expedition 352 Scientists, 2015, Izu-Bonin-Mariana Fore Arc, Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 352, College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program), doi:10.14379/iodp.proc.352.2015.
  172. Jiang, G-Z., Peng, G., Rao, S., Zhang, L-Y., Tang, X-Y., Huang, F., Zhao, P., Zhonghe, P., He, L-J., Shengbiao, H., and Wang, J-Y., 2016, Compilation of heat flow data in the continental area of China (4th edition). Chinese J. Geophys., 59 , 2892-2910, doi:10.6038/cjg20160815 (in Chinese).
  173. Heuer, V. B., Inagaki, F., Morono, Y., Kubo, Y., Maeda, L. and the Expedition 370 Scientists, 2017, Temperature Limit of the Deep Biosphere off Muroto, Proceedings of the International Ocean Discovery Program, 370: College Station, TX (International Ocean Discovery Program), doi:10.14379/iodp.proc.370.2017.

1.2 Measurement of Heat Flow

Heat flow is the product of temperature gradient and thermal conductivity. On land, the temperature gradient is generally determined by measuring temperature profiles in boreholes. Temperature measurements need to be made in relatively deep holes (e.g. deeper than 200 m) in order to avoid effects of various disturbances near the surface, such as temporal variations in the surface temperature and ground water flows. It is also necessary to make measurements after the thermal perturbation due to drilling operations has been dissipated. In boreholes not in thermal equilibrium, the undisturbed temperature (true formation temperature) may be estimated through extrapolation of temperatures measured repeatedly.

In deep-sea areas where the bottom water temperature is very stable, it is possible to determine the temperature gradient by penetrating a several meter long probe with multiple temperature sensors into seafloor sediment. The temperature probe, together with the data logger housed in a pressure vessel, is lowered from a surface ship to the seafloor using a wire rope. The probe is kept in sediment for 10 to 20 minutes and the obtained temperature records are extrapolated to the equilibrium. Development of multiple penetration type probes enabled us to conduct a series of measurements without bringing the instrument to the surface, contributing to the rapid increase in the number of marine heat flow data.

In shallow seas, it is difficult to determine the temperature gradient with an ordinary heat flow probe, since the temperature in surface sediment is disturbed by large variations in the bottom water temperature. The depth limit for measurements with ordinary instruments appears to be around 2,000 m on the Pacific side of the Japanese islands and around 700 m in the Japan Sea.

Thermal conductivity is usually measured in a laboratory on rock or sediment samples collected at the station. When no core samples are available for the borehole in which the temperature gradient is determined, samples may be taken from the exposed formations corresponding to the drilled formations. In some cases, thermal conductivity is estimated from other physical properties measured with downhole logging tools. At sea, in situ measurements at the seafloor using temperature probes equipped with heating wires have become common as well as measurements on core samples on board. For closely spaced heat flow measurements in a small area, the average of the conductivity values obtained in the area can be used.

1.3 Heat Flow Database

The first heat flow measurements in and around Japan were made in 1957 on land and in 1961 at sea. Uyeda and Horai (1964)Uyeda, S. and Horai, K., 1964, Terrestrial heat flow in Japan, J. Geophys. Res., 69, 2121-2141. reported 58 heat flow values as results of measurements in the early stage. In the 1960s, marine heat flow surveys were extensively conducted and general features of the heat flow distribution around Japan were revealed by the early 1970s. Yoshii (1979) Yoshii, T., 1979, Compilation of geophysical data around the Japanese Islands (I), Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 54, 75-117 (in Japanese with English abstract). compiled geophysical data around the Japanese islands (from 25 to 48°N and from 125 to 150°E) and collected 537 heat flow values. The author's group continued to add new published and unpublished data to this compilation and expanded the area for data collection. The present version covers the area from 0 to 60°N and from 120 to 160°E, which includes the whole Philippine Sea, Japan Sea, and Sea of Okhotsk.

The heat flow database is based on the above compilation and contains 3,670 values. Data with reference number greater than 1,000 were added after Yamano (2004) Yamano, M., 2004, Heat Flow Data in and around Japan, Digital Geoscience Map DGM P-5, Geological Survey of Japan. .

It consists of the following information: station name, coordinates, altitude (or water depth), number of temperature measurements, maximum measurement depth, temperature gradient, number of thermal conductivity measurements, average thermal conductivity, heat flow, reference and year of publication (1.4 for details). The heat flow values estimated from depths of gas hydrate BSRs (bottom simulating reflectors) are not included. The values less than or equal to zero are also excluded.

Although typical errors in heat flow values are 10 to 20 %, the quality of each data may be highly variable. Users of this database are therefore recommended to check the data quality in original publications as necessary. It should be noted that data in relatively shallow seas might have been affected by the bottom water temperature variation except for those obtained in boreholes. An isolated measurement should not be used for estimation of the subsurface thermal structure and needs to be compared with values in the surrounding area.

1.4 Data Format

The data file is a text file with commas as delimiters so that it can be easily read by a spreadsheet software. Each line corresponds to data at one station. One line consists of 16 columns containing the following information.

  1. 1 (Station): Station name
  2. 2～4 (Lat_deg, Lat_min, Lat_10): 　　　
    North latitude (deg.,min.,tenths)
  3. 5～7 (Lon_deg, Lon_min, Lon_10): East longitude (deg.,min.,tenths)
  4. 8 (Elevation): Elevation (land) or Water depth (sea) (m)
  5. 9 (Depth/Penet.): Depth of the deepest temperature measurement point from the ground surface (land) or sea floor (sea) (m)
  6. 10 (Temp. #): Number of temperature measurement points
  7. 11 (Gradient): Temperature gradient (mK/m (10-3K/m))
  8. 12 (Cond. #): Number of thermal conductivity measurements
      9. *Note: "0" means that the thermal conductivity was estimated from expected lithology or nearby data (not measured value).
  9. 13 (Conductivity): Thermal conductivity (W/m/K)
  10. 14 (Heat Flow): Heat flow (mW/m2 (10-3W/m2))
  11. 15 (Refer.): Reference no.
  12. 16 (Year): Year of publication
Example:
JEDS-4 E1,38,9,,142,58,,-1710,1.8,3,13,16,0.88 ,11,1 ,1962
JEDS-4 E2,37,59,,143,58,,-7345,1.2,3,54,11,0.88 ,48,1 ,1962
JEDS-4 E6,38,12,,147,55,,-5631,1.8,3,105,16,0.82 ,86,1 ,1962
JEDS-5 F23,34,23,,142,15,,-7490,,3,63,,0.93 ,58,2 ,1963
JEDS-5 F24,34,4,,142,56,,-5110,,2,60,,0.87 ,52,2 ,1963

Data


1.5 Image Files

Click on image for full view.
Heat Flow Map of Japan
Heat Flow Map of Japan
 Heat Flow Map of the Northwest Pacific Area
Heat Flow Map of the
Northwest Pacific Area

Note that higher values overlay lower values for the plotting order. Figures were created with GMT (Wessel and Smith (1998)Wessel, P. and W. H. F. Smith, 1998, New, improved version of Generic Mapping Tools released, EOS Trans. AGU, 79(47), p. 579. doi:10.1029/98EO00426.).

2 Geothermal Gradient Database

2.1 Geothermal Gradient

Geothermal, thermal or temperature gradient data around the Japanese islands have been compiled by Yano et al. (1999) Yano, Y., Tanaka, A., Takahashi, M., Okubo, Y., Sasada, M., Umeda, K. and Nakatsuka, N., 1999, Geothermal gradient map of Japan, Geological Survey of Japan. (in Japanese with English abstract) and Tanaka et al. (1999)Tanaka, A., Yano, Y., Sasada, M., Okubo, Y., Umeda, K., Nakatsuka, N. and Akita, F., 1999, Compilation of thermal gradient data in Japan on the basis of the temperatures in boreholes, Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan, 50, 457-487. (in Japanese with English abstract). These data are based on borehole temperature measurements of 300 m or more in depth. Geothermal gradient was calculated from the difference between the temperature at the bottom of each borehole or the maximum temperature in the borehole and the average surface temperature. Data with reference numbers 1 and 2, which have been collected from a variety of sources, may contain human error. These data were prepared to be displayed or printed at a scale of 1:3,000,000 or smaller.

Data with reference number greater than 2 were added after Tanaka et al. (2004)Tanaka, A., Yano, Y. and Sasada, M., 2004, Heat Flow Data in and around Japan, Geothermal Gradient Data in and around Japan, Digital Geoscience Map DGM P-5, Geological Survey of Japan. . The geothermal gradient database contains 1961 values in total.

  1. Tanaka, A., Yano, Y., Sasada, M., Okubo, Y., Umeda, K., Nakatsuka, N. and Akita, F., 1999, Compilation of thermal gradient data in Japan on the basis of the temperatures in boreholes. Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan, 50, 457-487. (in Japanese with English abstract)[ pdf]
  2. Yano, Y., Tanaka, A., Takahashi, M., Okubo, Y., Sasada, M., Umeda, K. and Nakatsuka, N., 1999, Geothermal gradient map of Japan, Geological Survey of Japan. (in Japanese with English abstract) [ jpg_front] [ jpg_back] [ jpg_map]
  3. Ozawa, K. and Eto, T., 2005, Geology of deep hot spring wells and underground geological structure in the central and eastern parts of Kanagawa Prefecture. Bull. Hot Spring Res. Inst. Kanagawa Pref., 37, 15-38. (in Japanese with English abstract)
  4. Harada, M., Itadera, K., Mannen, K. and Doke, R., 2016, The geothermal gradient estimated from temperature logging data in Hakone Volcano, Abstract Volcanol. Soc. Japan 2017 Fall Meeting, P17. (in Japanese)

2.2 Data Format

All data are stored in tab-delimited ASCII format including Longitude (°), Latitude (°), Geothermal Gradient value (K/km (10-3K/m)), Borehole Depth (m), and Reference No. followed by a carriage return/line feed (CR/LF).

Example:
140.7125 [tab] 38.8067 [tab] 460 [tab] 300 [tab] 1,2 [CR/LF]
140.7089 [tab] 38.8050 [tab] 491 [tab] 362 [tab] 1,2 [CR/LF]
140.7100 [tab] 38.8067 [tab] 547 [tab] 344 [tab] 1,2 [CR/LF]
139.4956 [tab] 35.5018 [tab] 25 [tab] 1500 [tab] 3,4 [CR/LF]
139.5359 [tab] 35.4199 [tab] 21 [tab] 1507 [tab] 3,4 [CR/LF]

Data

2.3 Image File

Click on image for full view.
Geothermal Gradient Map
Geothermal Gradient Map

Note that higher values overlay lower values for the plotting order. Figures were created with GMT (Wessel and Smith (1998)Wessel, P. and W. H. F. Smith, 1998, New, improved version of Generic Mapping Tools released, EOS Trans. AGU, 79(47), p. 579. doi:10.1029/98EO00426.).

3 Thermal Conductivity Database

3.1 Thermal Conductivity

The thermal conductivities, W/m/K, vary widely depending on rock type. The thermal conductivity database contains 10,131 values in and around Japan. Most of them consist of 10,009 data from 456 boreholes data (Yano and Muraoka (1986)Yano, Y. and Muraoka, H., 1986, Well database system, Rept. Geol. Surv. Japan, No. 265，69-189．(in Japanese with English abstract) ). The thermal conductivity was measured on a flat cross section of a rock core sample using the transient half-space line-source technique under ambient conditions. Data with reference number greater than 1 were measured using water-saturated samples.

  1. Yano, Y. and Muraoka, H., 1986, Well database system, Rept. Geol. Surv. Japan, No. 265，69-189. (in Japanese with English abstract)
  2. Tanaka, A., Goto, S., Yamamoto, T. and Yamano, M., 2015, Thermal regime measured at volcanic areas in Japan, 26th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG), S13p-419.

3.2 Data Format

All data are stored in tab-delimited ASCII format including Longitude (°), Latitude (°), Thermal Conductivity value (W/m/K), Standard Deviation of Thermal Conductivity (W/m/K), Depth (m), and Reference No. followed by a carriage return/line feed (CR/LF).

Example:
140.7667 [tab] 39.6335 [tab] 2.82 [tab] -9999 [tab] 470.6 [tab] 1 [CR/LF]
140.7667 [tab] 39.6335 [tab] 3.06 [tab] -9999 [tab] 490.5 [tab] 1 [CR/LF]
142.6501 [tab] 43.4487 [tab] 1.837 [tab] 0.014 [tab] 20.1 [tab] 2 [CR/LF]
142.6501 [tab] 43.4487 [tab] 1.951 [tab] 0.008 [tab] 20.9 [tab] 2 [CR/LF]
142.6501 [tab] 43.4487 [tab] 1.944 [tab] 0.022 [tab] 52.4 [tab] 2 [CR/LF]

Data

3.3 Image File

Click on image for full view.
Thermal Conductivity Distribution Map
Thermal Conductivity Distribution Map

Figures were created with GMT (Wessel and Smith (1998)Wessel, P. and W. H. F. Smith, 1998, New, improved version of Generic Mapping Tools released, EOS Trans. AGU, 79(47), p. 579. doi:10.1029/98EO00426.).

  1. Tanaka, A., Yamano, M., Yano, Y. and Sasada, M., 2004, Geothermal Gradient and Heat Flow Data in and around Japan, Digital Geoscience Map DGM P-5, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST.
  2. Uyeda, S. and Horai, K., 1964, Terrestrial heat flow in Japan. J. Geophys. Res., 69, 2121-2141.
  3. Yoshii, T., 1979, Compilation of geophysical data around the Japanese Islands (I). Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst., 54, 75-117. (in Japanese with English abstract)
  4. Yamano, M., 2004, Heat Flow Data in and around Japan, Digital Geoscience Map DGM P-5, Geological Survey of Japan.
  5. Wessel, P. and W. H. F. Smith, 1998, New, improved version of Generic Mapping Tools released. EOS Trans. AGU, 79(47), p. 579. doi:10.1029/98EO00426.
  6. Yano, Y., Tanaka, A., Takahashi, M., Okubo, Y., Sasada, M., Umeda, K. and Nakatsuka, N., 1999, Geothermal gradient map of Japan, Geological Survey of Japan. (in Japanese with English abstract)
  7. Tanaka, A., Yano, Y., Sasada, M., Okubo, Y., Umeda, K., Nakatsuka, N. and Akita, F.,, 1999, Compilation of thermal gradient data in Japan on the basis of the temperatures in boreholes. Bull. Geol. Surv. Japan, 50, 457-487. (in Japanese with English abstract)
  8. Tanaka, A., Yano, Y., and Sasada, M., 2004, Heat Flow Data in and around Japan, Geothermal Gradient Data in and around Japan, Digital Geoscience Map DGM P-5, Geological Survey of Japan.
  9. Yano, Y. and Muraoka, H., 1986, Well database system. Rept. Geol. Surv. Japan, No. 265，69-189. (in Japanese with English abstract)

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